The thyroid gland is a butterfly-shaped endocrine gland located in front of the neck and plays a crucial role in metabolic processes. The most common thyroid disorders include hyperthyroidism, hypothyroidism and goiter. Here are some major causes of thyroid disease:
1. Iodine deficiency.
Iodine is one of the most essential nutrients that cannot be synthesized by the body itself. Hence, it needs to be obtained through food sources such as iodized salt, yoghurt, shrimp, tuna and prunes. Iodine is majorly involved in the synthesis of thyroid hormones produced by the thyroid gland and also plays a role in growth and repair of cells. Iodine promotes a healthy metabolism and its deficiency leads to symptoms such as hair fall, flaky skin and swelling in the neck, which is medically termed as goiter. In response to iodine deficiency, the cells of the thyroid gland multiply rapidly to compensate for decreased thyroid hormones.
2. Autoimmune diseases.
An autoimmune disorder occurs when the immune system, which usually combats infectious pathogens, begins attacking the body’s own cells and organs. In case of autoimmune diseases that lead to thyroid disorders, the antibodies attack the thyroid gland, which may lead to inflammation and decreased function of the gland. One example of such disorder is Hashimoto’s thyroiditis, also known as chronic autoimmune thyroiditis, which is the leading cause of primary hypothyroidism in North America, according to the American Thyroid Association. Risk factors of developing Hashimoto’s include prior autoimmune diseases or having a family history of thyroid issues. Symptoms include unexplained weight gain, dry skin and muscle weakness.
3. Inflammation caused by virus or bacteria.
Thyroiditis or inflammation of the thyroid gland can sometimes be triggered by an infection caused by bacteria or virus. In such cases, the disease is termed as acute infectious thyroiditis. (AIT). AIT is most commonly caused by bacteria, such as Staphylococcus aureus, but can also be caused by fungal or parasitic infection. The disease is most common among immunocompromised individuals, or people with lower than normal immunity. Research reveals that more than 60% of AIT cases originate from previously existing infections in the upper respiratory tract, and through sinuses, the pathogenic organism reaches the thyroid gland. Major symptoms include pain and swelling in the neck along with fever and difficulty swallowing.
4. Consuming goitrogens.
A goitrogen is a substance that interrupts with the normal Iodine absorption in the thyroid gland, which results in decreased synthesis of thyroid hormones such as thyroxine. As a result, the pituitary gland releases higher levels of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) which ultimately results in hyperplasia, or abnormal proliferation of thyroid cells. This presents as goiter, or enlargement of the thyroid gland. Hence, goitrogens are agents that cause goiter. Overconsumption of these substances may arise thyroid problems in most individuals. Food sources high in goitrogenic properties include vegetables such as broccoli and spinach. Certain goitrogenic drugs and medication include potassium perchlorate and iopanoic acid.
5. Genetics.
Genetics play a vital role in the development of thyroid conditions. Individuals with a family history of thyroid disorders are more likely to possess genetic markers in their DNA which makes them more susceptible to thyroid illnesses, particularly those triggered by mutation such as thyroid tumors. Furthermore, genetic causes contribute to fifteen to twenty percent cases of congenital hypothyroidism, which is characterized by a partial or complete loss of function of the thyroid gland since birth. The congenital anomaly is denoted by a distended stomach and hoarse cry. Other ailments such as thyroiditis and hyperthyroidism may also be hereditary.
Looking after our thyroid health is extremely imperative.
Until Next Time,
Team Doctor ASKY!